It also suggests, to scholars and policymakers, a selection of measures through which some of the challenges might be faced. The paper reveals the potential and the constraints of the recurring themes of the TM, focusing especially on the engagement of non-academic stakeholders. This paper presents a systematic review of the state of knowledge and develops a novel framework for the enactment of the TM. To the best of our knowledge, no systematic literature review has been performed on the TM to comprehensively explore its heterogeneous functions, constraints, clashes and incorporation within education and research. Existing studies mainly focus on Universities in accomplishing their traditional missions, or they offer a narrow perspective of the TM. The TM is a multidisciplinary, complex, evolving phenomenon linked to the social and economic mission of Universities in a broad sense. Unprecedented challenges have been redesigning the missions of Universities, which are often perceived as being at a crossroads.
In recent years, there has been increasing pressure on Universities to shift from focusing primarily on teaching and performing research, and to add an equivocal Third Mission (TM), labelled “a contribution to society”.
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